请问 HN：请帮我核对一下关于电动汽车和太阳能发电的数据
1 分•作者: zahlman•大约 2 小时前
最近我一直在思考太阳能，特别是关于在某些应用中，固定太阳能板似乎需要昂贵且笨重的钢结构。同时，我也在思考电动汽车，以及电动发动机比内燃机效率高得多，即使不考虑能源是否可再生。
然后我突然想到一个主意：为什么不直接在汽车的车顶上安装太阳能板呢？
当然，几个标准尺寸的太阳能板无法满足汽车发动机的峰值功率需求。但电动汽车有电池。我找到的数据显示，典型的太阳能板在阳光充足的情况下，每平方米可以产生大约 200 瓦的电能 [1]，而典型的电动汽车每公里消耗大约 200 瓦时 [2]。因此，考虑到车顶上有几平方米的可用空间，几个小时的日照就能满足许多公里的行驶需求。你可以开车去上班，把车停在露天停车场，也许就能收集到足够的能量来应付回家的路程。总的来说，它至少可以满足部分电力需求，从长远来看，可以节省相当可观的费用。
我设想的是一个由小型（例如，每边 10 厘米）瓦片组成的系统，安装在轻质支架上，并配备一个简单的反馈控制系统，能够在一天中倾斜瓦片以朝向太阳。整个系统将集成到车辆的车顶中，并覆盖玻璃或聚碳酸酯，这样就无需担心太阳能板本身受到积雪、风等的影响。当然，这意味着要放弃天窗。
我认为，实际情况应该比平均情况更好，因为太阳能板可以直接产生汽车的直流电压——跳过任何逆变器，避免任何显著的传输损耗。太阳能板只需要能够给已经存在的电池（出于必要）充电即可。
过去，我曾想过在停车场上安装带有太阳能板的车棚。使用汽车车顶代替，可以将成本和节省的费用分配给个人，并避免昂贵的基础设施（这可能还会引起政治或监管问题）。
我没有考虑到这个想法的主要问题是什么？有人在认真研究类似的东西吗？
[1]：例如，https://www.energydawnice.com/solar-panel-output-per-square-meter/；在我看来，这像是经过 SEO 优化的垃圾信息，但我能找到的其他所有内容也都是如此，而且它们似乎大致都同意。尽管根据我对日照和现代太阳能板报告效率的了解，我认为应该可以做得更好。
[2]：https://ev-database.org/cheatsheet/energy-consumption-electric-car
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I've been thinking a lot lately about solar power, and specifically about the supposed need for expensive and heavy steel structures to hold panels in place, at least in some applications. And I've also been thinking about electric vehicles, and about how electric engines are much more efficient than internal combustion engines, even before considering whether the source of energy is renewable.<p>And the idea occurred to me: why not just put solar paneling on the roof of the vehicle itself?<p>Now, obviously a couple of standard size panels aren't going to provide the peak power demand of a car engine. But the EV does have a battery. The numbers I found are that typical panels can generate on the order of 200 W/m^2 in full sun [1], while typical EVs use about 200 Wh/km [2]. Thus, given that there are a few m^2 of usable space on the roof, several hours of exposure would cover many kilometres of travel. You could drive to work, leave the car in an open-air parking lot, and perhaps capture enough energy to cover the drive home. In general it would at least cover part of the electricity demand, adding up to considerable savings over the long run.<p>I'm imagining a system of small (say 10cm to a side) tiles on a lightweight rack, with a simple feedback control system able to tilt the tiles to face the Sun over the course of a day. The whole thing would be integrated into the roof of the vehicle, with a glass or polycarbonate cover, such that there's no need to worry about snow, wind etc. on the panels themselves. It does of course imply forgoing a sunroof.<p>The numbers should actually work out better than the average case, I'm thinking, since the panels could directly generate the car's native DC voltage — skipping any inverter and avoiding any significant transmission losses. The panels just need to be able to charge the battery that's already there (out of necessity).<p>In the past I've thought about putting roofs over parking lots with panels on top. Using the car roofs instead would distribute the costs and savings to individuals and avoid expensive infrastructure (that might also cause political or regulatory issues).<p>Are there major problems with the idea that I'm not thinking of? Is anyone seriously working on something like this?<p>[1]: e.g. https://www.energydawnice.com/solar-panel-output-per-square-meter/ ; this reads to me like SEO-optimized slop, but so does everything else I can find, and it all seems to roughly agree anyway. Although from what I know about insolation and the reported efficiency of modern panels, I imagine it should be possible to do a fair bit better than that.<p>[2]: https://ev-database.org/cheatsheet/energy-consumption-electric-car